Научная электронная библиотека

Монографии, изданные в издательстве Российской Академии Естествознания

АНГЛИЙСКИЙ ЯЗЫК ДЛЯ ПСИХОЛОГОВ

Ольшванг О. Ю.,

Freud’s Structural and Topographical Models of Personality

Sigmund Freud’s Theory is quite complex and although his writings on psychosexual development set the groundwork for how our personalities developed, it was only one of five parts to his overall theory of personality. He also believed that different driving forces develop during these stages which play an important role in how we interact with the world.

Structural Model (id, ego, superego)

According to Freud, we are born with our Id. The id is an important part of our personality because as newborns, it allows us to get our basic needs met. Freud believed that the id is based on our pleasure principle. In other words, the id wants whatever feels good at the time, with no consideration for the reality of the situation. When a child is hungry, the id wants food, and therefore the child cries. When the child needs to be changed the id cries. When the child is uncomfortable, in pain, too hot, too cold, or just wants attention, the id speaks up until his or her needs are met.

The id doesn’t care about reality, about the needs of anyone else, only its own satisfaction. If you think about it, babies are not real considerate of their parents’ wishes. They have no care for time, whether their parents are sleeping, relaxing, eating dinner, or bathing. When the id wants something, nothing else is important.

Within the next three years, as the child interacts more and more with the world, the second part of the personality begins to develop. Freud called this part the Ego. The ego is based on the reality principle. The ego understands that other people have needs and desires and that sometimes being impulsive or selfish can hurt us in the long run. It’s the ego’s job to meet the needs of the id, while taking into consideration the reality of the situation.

By the age of five, or the end of the phallic stage of development, the Superego develops. The Superego is the moral part of us and develops due to the moral and ethical restraints placed on us by our caregivers. Many equate the superego with the conscience as it dictates our belief of right and wrong.

In a healthy person, according to Freud, the ego is the strongest so that it can satisfy the needs of the id, not upset the superego, and still take into consideration the reality of every situation. Not an easy job by any means, but if the id gets too strong, impulses and self gratification take over the person’s life. If the superego becomes to strong, the person would be driven by rigid morals, would be judgmental and unbending in his or her interactions with the world.

Topographical Model

Freud believed that the majority of what we experience in our lives, the underlying emotions, beliefs, feelings, and impulses are not available to us at a conscious level. He believed that most of what drives us is buried in our unconscious. If you remember the Oedipus and Electra Complex, they were both pushed down into the unconscious, out of our awareness due to the extreme anxiety they caused. While buried there, however, they continue to impact us dramatically according to Freud.

The role of the unconscious is only one part of the model. Freud also believed that everything we are aware of is stored in our conscious. Our conscious makes up a very small part of who we are. In other words, at any given time, we are only aware of a very small part of what makes up our personality; most of what we are is buried and inaccessible.

The final part is the preconscious or subconscious. This is the part of us that we can access if prompted, but is not in our active conscious. It’s right below the surface, but still buried somewhat unless we search for it. Information such as our telephone number, some childhood memories, or the name of your best childhood friend is stored in the preconscious.

Because the unconscious is so large, and because we are only aware of the very small conscious at any given time, this theory has been likened to an iceberg, where the vast majority is buried beneath the water’s surface. The water, by the way, would represent everything that we are not aware of, we have not experienced, and that has not been integrated into our personalities, referred to as the nonconscious.

1. Say which of these statements are true or false

	true	false
– Structural model of personality includes id, ego and superego.
– The author of structural model of personality is Jung
– We are born with superego
– Freud’s topographical mode of personality consists of 4 parts.
– We are aware of the unconscious all time.
– This theory has been likened to a mountain.
– Id allows us to get our basic needs met.
– The Superego develops by the age of three.
– Many equate the superego with the conscience.

2. Match the terms and the definitions

Unconscious	aware of one’s own existence, sensations, thoughts, surroundings, etc.
Subconscious	the ability to perceive, to feel, or to be conscious of events, objects, thoughts, emotions, or sensory patterns.
Conscious	the part of the mind containing instincts, impulses, images, and ideas that are not available for direct examination
Conscience	Id is based on this principle
Pleasure principle	an instinctive drive; urge
Personality	that part of the mind which is on the fringe of consciousness and contains material of which it is possible to become aware by redirecting attention
Caregiver	a person who has accepted responsibility for looking after a vulnerable neighbour or relative
Desire	the sense of right and wrong that governs a person’s thoughts and actions
awareness	the sum total of all the behavioural and mental characteristics by means of which an individual is recognized as being unique
impulse	an expressed wish; request

3. Fill in the gaps in the sentences using the words from the previous exercise

– The Superego is the moral part of us and develops due to the moral and ethical restraints placed on us by our … .

– Freud also believed that everything we are aware of is stored in our … .

– Most of what drives us is buried in our ….

– If the id gets too strong, … and self gratification take over the person’s life.

– Many equate the superego with the … as it dictates our belief of right and wrong.

– The … is the part of us that we can access if prompted, but is not in our active conscious.

– Freud believed that the id is based on our … .

– The ego understands that other people have needs and … .

– The Oedipus and Electra Complex were both pushed down into the unconscious, out of our … due to the extreme anxiety they caused. 

– The id is an important part of our … because as newborns, it allows us to get our basic needs met.