Научная электронная библиотека

Монографии, изданные в издательстве Российской Академии Естествознания

БИОГЕОЦЕНОЛОГИЯ НА АНГЛИЙСКОМ ЯЗЫКЕ

Жумабекова Б. К., Рамазанова А. С.,

Chapter 8. ECOLOGICAL RELATIONSHIPS

Read the given text. Fill in the chart / Мәтінді оқып шығыңдар. Сызбаны толтырыңдар / Прочитайте текст. Заполните схему.

Ecological communities consist of interacting or potentially interacting species in the same environment. The direct interactions between species are divided into five categories. Sometimes these complex interactions and the flow of energy through the system are diagrammed in food webs, which display the movement of energy from lower to higher trophic, or feeding, levels [1].

Predation

Predation describes one species, the predator, feeding on and typically killing another organism, the prey species. Predators use various methods to capture prey, just as their prey use various methods to avoid capture. Herbivore is comparable to predation, but herbivores feed on plants rather than animals. Herbivores do not necessarily kill a plant they feed on but sometimes put pressure on the plant species (Pic.3) [1].

Picture 3. Male leopard preying on Indian bison [2]

Competition

Competition describes multiple organisms fighting for the same resources. Interspecies competition is competition between different species; intraspecies competition is competition between organisms of the same species. The competition may or may not involve active interference. Squirrels and deer may both eat acorns in a site but do not directly fight for the acorns and instead make fewer acorns available for the other. Alternatively, competition may involve direct interference, like when a plant secretes chemicals from its roots to keep other plants from growing around it. The more similar two species in a community are, the more competitive they are with each other, fighting for limited resources (Pic.4-5) [1].

Picture 4. Intraspecific competition [3] Picture 5. Interspecific competition [4]

Parasitism

Parasitism is when one species benefits from a second species that is disadvantaged, but generally not killed. A tick feeding on a host is a good example of parasitism. The host is not directly killed by the tick, which benefits from the relationship while the host is adversely affected, as it feeds on the host’s blood (Pic.6) [1].

Picture 6. Parasitism. The larva breaking through the ladybug’s abdomen [5]

Mutualism

Mutualism is an interaction characterized by mutual benefit, so both species benefit from the relationship (Pic.7).

Picture 7. Mutualism [6]

A flowering plant producing nectar to attract an animal, such as a bee, is one example. The bee benefits by feeding on the nectar, while the plant benefits because the bee goes on to disperse the plant’s pollen. Mutualism can also be thought of as “mutual exploitation” [1].

Commensalism

Commensalism describes a relationship in which one species benefits but the other is unaffected. Examples of commensalism include a bird nesting in a tree. The bird is using the tree for shelter but the tree is unaffected. A second example is a certain intestinal bacteria species that lives in an animal’s gut, which provides food and shelter for the bacteria, but the bacteria does not negatively or positively affect the host organism. Note that there are many types of intestinal bacteria, and while some – commensalists – have no effect on the host, others may benefit or harm the host (Pic.8) [1].

Picture 8. Commensalism between Sucker fish and Shark [7]

Symbiosis

Symbiosis means literally living together. Coined in 1876 by De Bary, to describe two species of organisms that lived together, with no implication regarding the length or outcome of the association. So symbiosis as originally conceived covered a range of intimate interactions between organisms-the most common ones being mutualism, commensalism and parasitism. So symbiosis was an overarching term, there has been a move to restrict symbiosis to a particular sort of association, where both partners are seen to benefit, but most modern literature has now returned to using symbiosis as an umbrella term for organisms that live together (Pic.9) [1].

Picture 9. Symbiosis [8]

Glossary of essential terms / Негізгі терминдер глоссарийі / Глоссарий основных терминов

I. Match the types of relationships of organisms. Add your samples of relationships in biocenosis / Ағзалардың өзара қарым-қатынас түрлерін сәйкестендіріңдер. Биоценоздағы қарым-қатынастарға өз мысалдарыңды қосыңдар / Соотнесите типы взаимоотношений организмов. Добавьте свои примеры взаимоотношений в биоценозе.

1. Aphid – Ant A. Predation

2. Wolf – Rabbit B. Symbiosis

3. Human – Helminths C. Parasitism

4. Alder – Polypore

5. Birch – Brown cap boletus

II. Find English and Kazakh equivalents to the following word combinations / Келесі сөз тіркестерінің ағылшын және қазақша баламаларын табыңдар / Найдите английский и казахский эквиваленты для следующих словосочетаний.

III. Read the scenario and answer the questions that follow, justifying your answers. Include a minimum of two consequences for each question / Жағдаятты оқып шығыңдар және өз жауаптарыңды негіздей отыра сұрақтарға жауап беріңдер. Әрбір сұраққа кем дегенде екі жауап құрыңдар / Прочитайте ситуацию и ответьте на вопросы, обосновывая свои ответы. Составьте как минимум по два ответа для каждого вопроса.

On Isle Wilderness, farmers raised chickens and vegetable crops. There was a stable population of wild rabbits and foxes on the island. Over a period of time, the farmers noticed that their chickens were disappearing. After looking into the problem, the farmers blamed the foxes for the loss of their chickens and decided to trap and move most of the foxes [9].

1. What will happen to the wild rabbit population?

2. What will happen to the vegetable crops?

3. What will happen to the population of the farmers’ chickens?

4. How could stable populations be reestablished on the island?

IV. Fill in the table. Answer the questions below [10] / Кестені толтырыңдар. Төменде келтірілген сұрақтарға жауап беріңдер / Заполните таблицу. Ответьте на приведенные ниже вопросы.

Ecological relationships

1. Refer to the dog and flea relationship in Table.

a. In the dog and flea relationship, is there a benefit for one of the organisms or for both?

b. Is either the dog or the flea harmed by this relationship?

c. Which other relationship in Table is similar to that between the dog and flea?

2. Refer to the fungus and algae relationship in Table.

a. Is there a benefit for one of the organisms or for both?

b. Is either the fungus or the algae harmed by this relationship?

c. Which other relationship in Table is similar to that between the fungus and the algae?

3. Refer to the shark and remora relationship in Table.

a. In the shark and remora relationship, is there a benefi t for one of the organisms or for both?

b. Is either the shark or the remora harmed by this relationship?

c. Which other relationship in Table is similar to that between the shark and the remora?

V. Fill in the table / Кестені толтырыңдар / Заполните таблицу.

Ecological communities

Topics for essay:

1. Classification of predators.

2. The relationship between the predator and its prey.

3. Intraspecific competition.

4. Interspecific competition.

5. Antagonism.

6. Protocooperation as a form of symbiosis.

7. Symbiosis and evolution.

8. Neutralism as a form of relationship between organisms.

9. The role of relationships between organisms in the nature.

10. Classification of commensalisms.

References:

1. Synonym // http://classroom.synonym.com/five-types-ecological-relationships-7786.html

2. The encyclopedia of Earth // http://www.eoearth.org/view/article/155341/

3. Экология // http://ekol-ush.narod.ru/03.htm

4. Science Daily // http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/07/11071808 5229.htm

5. JoshuaTreeV // https://joshuatreev.wordpress.com/ecology/mutualism/

6. Tutor Vista // http://www.tutorvista.com/content/biology/biology-iv/biotic-community/positive-interactions.php

7. https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simbiosis

8. http://ysp.wustl.edu/KitCurriculum/EcologicalInteractions/EcoEvo_Eco logical%20Interactions%20Kit_TeacherHandout.pdf

9. http://ebookinga.com/pdf/relationships-of-organisms-dearborn-public- 194856757.html

10. http://ebookinga.com/pdf/23-ecological-relationships-s-287603653.html